In 2010, about 14.5 million Americans had a felony record but were no longer under any form of correctional supervision (that is, they were not imprisoned, on parole, nor on probation). This group constituted 6.2 percent of the U.S. adult population in 2010. Over the prior three decades, the share of American adults living in the community with a felony-record history, either through prison or probation, had increased dramatically. It rose 3.8 percentage points, up from 2.4 percent in 1980, a 260 percent increase (Shannon et al., 2017).
Not all people convicted of felonies are incarcerated (Shannon et al., 2017; Looney and Turner 2018). In fact, Shannon et al. (2017) estimate that in 2010 the number of U.S. adults living in the community with a felony record was three times larger than the combined number of those formerly incarcerated or on parole. The share of American adults formerly-incarcerated or on parole rose significantly between 1980 and 2010, by 1.5 percentage points, but the share with a felony history rose much more, by 3.8 percentage points. A focus only on the formerly incarcerated overlooks the impact of this broader proliferation of felony records.
The United States criminal justice system has grown dramatically over the past fifty years. The imprisonment rate – the number of individuals in prisons per 100,000 adults– was 161 in 1972, peaked in 2007 at 670, and had declined to 431 at year end 2018 (Carson 2020). The United States is an outlier internationally, compared to a world average of 144 per 100,000 (Walmsley 2015). Beyond incarceration, about 1 in 53 U.S. adults is under community supervision – probation or parole (Kaeble and Bonczar 2016) – representing a far larger correctional population pool than those incarcerated.
The rise in felony records has been disproportionate by race and varies substantially between states. Shannon et al. (2017) show that while the share of the total U.S. adult population with felony records is about 8 percent, the share of Black adults is about 23 percent. This rate is even higher for Black men, where one-third (33 percent) have a felony record (Shannon et al., 2017).
Not all people convicted of felonies are incarcerated (Shannon et al., 2017; Looney and Turner 2018). In fact, Shannon et al. (2017) estimate that in 2010 the number of U.S. adults living in the community with a felony record was three times larger than the combined number of those formerly incarcerated or on parole. The share of American adults formerly-incarcerated or on parole rose significantly between 1980 and 2010, by 1.5 percentage points, but the share with a felony history rose much more, by 3.8 percentage points. A focus only on the formerly incarcerated overlooks the impact of this broader proliferation of felony records.
The United States criminal justice system has grown dramatically over the past fifty years. The imprisonment rate – the number of individuals in prisons per 100,000 adults– was 161 in 1972, peaked in 2007 at 670, and had declined to 431 at year end 2018 (Carson 2020). The United States is an outlier internationally, compared to a world average of 144 per 100,000 (Walmsley 2015). Beyond incarceration, about 1 in 53 U.S. adults is under community supervision – probation or parole (Kaeble and Bonczar 2016) – representing a far larger correctional population pool than those incarcerated.
The rise in felony records has been disproportionate by race and varies substantially between states. Shannon et al. (2017) show that while the share of the total U.S. adult population with felony records is about 8 percent, the share of Black adults is about 23 percent. This rate is even higher for Black men, where one-third (33 percent) have a felony record (Shannon et al., 2017).
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